Anabolic Steroids Bodybuilding Blog

Roger Clemens at the Show 60 minutes

admin — Tue, 15 May 2012 18:06:36 +0000

Mike Wallace, a brilliant investigative journalist, who was one of the initial correspondents of CBS’ 60 Minutes died, when he was 93 years old. This reporter made capturing interviews with world well-known persons. The most recent stories were related to the baseball star Roger Clemens and accusations linked with usage of anabolic steroids and HGH by this person. Mike Wallace’s last appearance on TV was linked with this case.
The interview with Roger Clemens about steroids was presented in January, 2008. Rusty Hardin, the defense attorney for Roger Clemens, arranged the appearing of this former baseball player in the program 60 Minutes. Roger Clemens had to defense himself against accusations of Brian McNamee, his former personal coach. This coach accused Roger Clemens in application of anabolic steroids and HGH. He cooperated with investigators of Mitchell Report, when they tried to define the widespread of steroid use in the Major League Baseball.
Wallace didn’t enforce Clemens to tell that he used steroids. He just encouraged him to prove to others that he had applied neither steroids, nor HGH. Roger Clemens confirmed that he would be able to pull a tractor with his teeth, if he had used steroids.
The interview of Clemens was an unfortunate public relations maneuver for Rusty Hardin. It was not the best interview. But it renewed the interest after Wallace’s death.
In fact, Wallace presented much more substantial interviews during his career. The steroid interview with Roger Clemens was not the most interesting. Why did it draw all persons’ attention?
Other interviews of Wallace are quite significant. Wallace interviewed the lawyer of the president Richard Nixon and the assistant to the president for Domestic Affairs John Ehrlichman during the Watergate scandal. Wallace called the Watergate scandal “perjury”. He named such methods of Richard Nixon, as thefts, spying, obstruction of justice, etc. The scandal resulted in resignation of the president.
Wallace arranged also an interview with the Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini. The journalist named him a “lunatic”. But he was quoting the president Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt.
Another individual that was interviewed by Wallace was the Vice President of Research and Development at a tobacco company. Jeffrey Wigand acknowledged during the interview that executives of the company lied before the Congress about their knowledge connected with nature of nicotine.
Although these interviews were significant, numerous persons directed their attention to insignificant interview with Roger Clemens. It may be because while lying of Roger Clemens before the Congress may cause federal war on steroids, the war on nicotine will never exist.

Mustard is able to promote increasing lean muscle mass

admin — Tue, 15 May 2012 18:04:30 +0000

Certain recent researches have determined several positive effects of mustard. It is known by everyone that it is a good remedy that adds pleasant flavor to meal. Furthermore, it has been determined that mustard may help to lose fat and improve physical appearance.
A research related to mustard has been conducted by Debora Esposito and his colleagues at North Carolina University in Kannapolis (USA). It has been confirmed under results of the study that a compound which is called “homobrassinolide” found in mustard and other related herbs is able to enhance lean muscle size and energy in mammals.
28-Homobrassinolide is a brassinosteroid. It is a type of steroid that has been found in plants that belong to Brassica family. It has been known that it is able to induce growing plants. But no one has been aware about its function in mammals. The specialists have determined that homobrassinolide is able to lead to anabolic effects in mammals. It promotes enhancing protein synthesis, stimulates appetite and enhances muscle size through enhancement of number and size of muscle fibers in animals.
Healthy rats have been implicated in the study. They have been given oral homobrassinolide during 24 days. Dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry analysis has been used in order to check changes in weight, food consumption and composition of rats’ bodies. It has been determined that animals who have been given homobrassinolide have acquired essentially more muscle mass than those that have not been given this compound.
Enhancement of muscle mass indicates about a higher basal metabolic rate. Enhanced BMR is associated with great caloric burning that helps to stay lean.
So, the study has clearly shown that homobrassinolide enhances protein synthesis, enhances size and number of muscle fibers that play a significant role for enhancement of endurance.
Experts suggest that such plants, as mustard, may be used for more enhanced brassinosteroid content. It may help to have lean muscle mass, increase it and prevent several health troubles.
It is suggested that future supplement and medicine industry will introduce preparations which will be effective in case of certain diseases related to muscle wasting. Such products may be taken as alternative drugs to synthetic steroids because the first ones will probably cause minimal or no side results.
Leaves of mustard have little calories. They are rich in antioxidants. Leaves of mustard have anti-inflammatory features. Furthermore, they represent a good source of iron, magnesium, fiber, selenium and phosphorous.
Mustard can be applied for preparing salads, curds and tempering. It would be useful to consume at least one teaspoon of mustard with water or food in order to acquire some positive effects.

Results of the investigation “Operacion Skype”

admin — Sun, 13 May 2012 09:42:50 +0000

A steroid investigation by Mossos d’Esqudra and Spain’s Policia Nacional led to arrest of ten persons who were implicated in a steroid ring. These persons provided top amateur and professional sportspersons and even Olympic athletes with anabolic steroids, HGH, EPO, CERA and other related medications. The investigation was named “Operacion Skype”. The steroid ring was settled in Barcelona.
The investigation was originally connected with David Garcia Dapena, a professional cyclist, who tested positive for EPO after the 2010 Vuelta a Espana. It was affirmed that David Garcia Dapena had increased hematocrit levels that indicated about administration of EPO.
Garcia didn’t deny administration of the banned product. He collaborated with the police. The cyclist acknowledged that he had bought medications with performance-enhancing effects from the health care provider Alberto Beltran Nino.
It was determined that Beltran had been the leader of an organization linked with sophisticated doping. This organization supplied cyclists and other sportspeople with prohibited products. It was also defined that certain sportspeople that participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the 2010 Vuelta a Espana, the 2009 Tour du Portugal and the 2012 Spanish Athletics Championships were included in the group of sportspeople that purchased steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs from this doping ring.
It was even earlier suspected that Beltran supplied sportspersons with steroids and other related medicines and taught them how to avoid being caught. This doctor was arrested in Italy after he was caught driving his car that was full of steroids and other related preparations.
The Portuguese professional cyclist Nuno Ribeiro accused the doctor Beltran in injecting him with banned medications after he tested positive for CERA in 2009.
The runner Jose Luis Blanko assisted in the steroid investigation that had been led against Beltran after this sportsman tested positive for EPO at the 2012 Spanish Athletics Championships.
Beltran moved to Bahrain in 2009. Since that time the doctor had no any direct contact with any athlete.
Nonetheless, the police suppose that he has established a team of intermediaries in different countries. They have bought steroids and other related preparations and supplied top sportspersons with them.
Beltran was detained in Madrid in March 2012 by police officers. He was caught possessing AICAR and TB-500.
While no any athlete has tested positive for these medications, it is suspected that certain sportspersons have intended to apply these products.
Application of AndroGel for bodybuilding!
Besides ordinary guidelines to this product, it is important to follow some special recommendations, when it comes to intake of AndroGel for bodybuilding. Athletes who desire to induce adding muscle mass due to this medication must perform exercises that involve big muscles during administration of this preparation. Bench presses, leg presses, squats and arm curls are required present. As for cardio exercises, they should be avoided during application of AndroGel for bodybuilding. It is needed to have also proper diets, if you want to receive significant effects. You meal should contain much protein and starchy carbohydrate.

About 900 young prostitutes from Bangladesh take steroids

admin — Sun, 13 May 2012 09:40:59 +0000

Young females in Bangladesh who are involved in prostitution utilize steroids to add weight and bulk up. It has been written by Reuters. The article’s headline has the following words: “dark steroid secret”. It is claimed that prostitutes from Bangladesh take steroids to look better. Undoubtedly, the first thoughts that come in mind in this situation are linked with usage of anabolic steroids. But reading the article completely and more attentively, anyone can notice that it is spoken not about anabolic steroids but about corticosteroids.
One of corticosteroids that are purchasable at pharmacies of Bangladesh is known under the trade name Oradexon. It is not required to have a prescription in order to get this preparation. It costs approximately 15 taka which equal to 0, 18 USD dollars. An alternative name of this preparation is Dexamethasone. It is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant product which is recommended for cure of persons that have various maladies. This medication is over 25 times more potent that the natural steroid hormone cortisol.
90 % of sex workers at the 15 legal cathouses from Bangladesh utilize the corticosteroid Oradexon. 90 % equal to 900 teenage female prostitutes who use this drug continually. They apply it by own choice or are enforced to do it. Thus, some of them are enforced to take it. But others administer this preparation volitionally because it is said that corticosteroids can enhance strength and improve health.
It may seem to be ironically but sex workers from Bangladesh who apply corticosteroids have the same goals like those which encourage bodybuilders to utilize anabolic steroids. Sex workers utilize corticosteroids in order to improve physical appearance, gain weight and enhance appetite.
It is affirmed that Oradexon may give healthy appearance to consumers. It is appreciated by customers. A woman who is involved in prostitution in Bangladesh notes that customers are looking for healthy girls. Since she needs money in order to pay her bills and loans, she needs customers every day. If she doesn’t have any customer a day, she doesn’t have what to eat. Moreover, she tries to earn money for her son.
In fact, negative results that can be provoked because of corticosteroids are much more severe than those which may be provoked by administration of anabolic steroids. Corticosteroids may suppress immune system, cause osteoporosis and insulin resistance, stimulate appetite unusually, and increase weight and fat.
Experts try to draw people’s attention to abuse of corticosteroids and probable negative consequences of them.
What is it important to comprehend about AndroGel dosage in order to acquire wanted results?
AndroGel dosage is indicated by physicians that take in consideration following conditions: testosterone levels of patients, responses of their systems to administration of this medicine, personal conditions and other medicines that are used by patients. It is commonly directed to start with the AndroGel dosage of 5 mg/day. The dose is altered during the treatment. If levels of testosterone are essentially decreased, the dose has to be enhanced. If the levels are more enhanced than the normal rate, the treatment with this drug must be stopped. The quantity must be regulated just by doctors but not by those who administer this preparation.

Two players of the NFL gave “non-human” urine samples to a collector of samples for drug testing

admin — Thu, 10 May 2012 07:53:01 +0000

The National Football League sentenced to suspensions the linebacker D. J. Williams and Ryan McBean, a defensive lineman, of the team Denver Broncos for violation of steroid policy. These players were suspended from six games. But they were not suspended for administration of steroids. They didn’t test positive for steroids or other prohibited medicines. They were accused in providing “non-human” urine samples to the officer of drug testing.
D. J. William confirmed that he had never tested for any forbidden drug during 8 years of his career. He noticed that he was proud of his records. The football player mentioned that he was also proud of his manner in that he conducted himself, being a sportsman.
Peter Schaffer, the defensive attorney for McBean, stated that the NFL had violated rights of the defensive lineman. He noticed that since McBean had never tested positive for any prohibited drug, the NFL didn’t have any right to sentenced him to ban.
Peter Schaffer claimed that he desired to make it clear that neither D. J. Williams, nor Ryan McBean tested positive for forbidden drugs.
A lawsuit was filed in Denver County Court against suspensions of these football players.
D. J. Williams and Ryan McBean affirmed that the drug testing officer had violated several rules linked with the procedure of collecting urine samples.
Schaffer noted that some similarities had been between his client and Ryan Braun. Braun won his appeal linked with his suspension from 50 games for administration of testosterone. Ryan Braun could prove that Dino Laurenzi, the drug testing officer, violated steroid policy.
As for Laurenzi, he was defended and supported by various anti-doping agencies. The WADA also supported Dino Laurenzi. It was claimed that there was the same procedure of collecting and sending urine samples not only for the MLB but also for the WADA.
But as for the drug testing officer that collected samples of Williams and McBean, he was treated in another way. He was fired by the NFL for inappropriate doing his duty.
At the hearing the NFL administrators admitted that the drug testing officer violated the chain of custody for urine samples.
Nevertheless, the appeal on behalf of the football players was rejected.

Not each product which is labeled as a dietary supplement is safe

admin — Thu, 10 May 2012 07:51:04 +0000

What can be called “a medicine”? The FDA notes that a medicine represents a substance; it isn’t a dietary supplement. It is used for diagnosis, cure, prevention of maladies, for appropriate influence on body’s functions. It is possible to mention that a medicine is a medicine which has nothing common with politics and great money.
But you may come across certain confusion nowadays. A law that has been introduced in 1994 by Senators Orrin Hatch and Tom Harkin has caused the confusion between supplements and medicines. So, mega-billion dollar supplements industry has induced developing the disorder in clear definitions. People’ ignorance and certain legislative expressions with doubled sense have played essential role in creation of following wrong conception: everything that is sold is safe.
This wrong conception caused different serious troubles. For example, over a year ago 2 young soldiers of the U. S. Army died due to intake of so-called “supplements” Jack3d and OxyElite Pro. The case is still investigated. Actually, it has been defined that those soldiers had applied an amphetamine-like synthetic substance that has been called “dimethylamylamine”. It had negative influence on their cardiovascular and nervous systems. Since it has changed function of bodies, it is a drug. Although it is a banned substance administered by sportspersons, it is available at the Vitamin Shoppe or GNC.
Health stores sell preparations that are similar to that compound mentioned above. They are labeled as dietary supplements but it is not true.
Another product is DHEA. It is a steroid that can be transformed in users’ bodies into anabolic steroids or neurohormonal steroids. This aspect influences on physiological functions of body. Is it a supplement actually?
Another product that is purchasable as a dietary supplement is RockHard Weekend. It contains different substances. But does anyone know which substances are contained in the bottle? May anybody assure that they are safe for intake?
One of people’s mistakes is that they believe the following way: if any preparation is made of plants, it is safe for usage. Many persons think that such supplements can’t have negative influence on body’s functions. It is wrong to believe this way. There are plants that are toxicant. It is not permitted to consume them.
Hemlock was the poison that caused Socrates’ death. It was derived from certain herb. Ricin which is claimed to be one of the most toxicant substances on the Earth is derived from a castor been roots. That’s why it is important to know what you consume in order to prevent using preparations which contain any poison, regardless they are from herbs or not.
Why are companies allowed to sell medicines as if they were dietary supplemenets? Dietary supplements don’t pass any FDA control. Here we may say about statements with doubled sense. The Hatch-Harken law allows the supplement industry to introduce preparations which are labeled as supplements. But are they actually supplements? Several drugs are getable, being marketed as supplements. But it is wrong totally. These products may be unsafe.
Does anyone suppose that anabolic steroids and other related drugs may be marketed as supplements? Do they supplement or cure? A term was introduced in order to avoid utilizing medical terms. This term is “to support”. What does this verb mean? Isn’t it a wink to the term “to treat”?
The FDA desires to establish control over dietary supplements. There will be a requirement for all new supplements to be safe.
Pharmaceutical companies spend hundreds millions of dollars in order to define whether new medicines are safe. Some of them fail to be called “safe” due to serious side reactions. But as for manufacturers of supplements, they don’t have these troubles because there do not have such regulations in supplement industry.
Supplement regulations are related to money and not to science. In fact, they should have the same regulations like those that are established for pharmaceutical companies.
Interesting information about Anavar results
Typical Anavar results are following: lowering of glucocorticoid levels, improvement of muscles’ quality, strength gain, repairing of damaged muscle tissues and speeding of metabolism. Cutting results of this medication are significant. Thousands sportspersons use it to escape from additional fat and get hard muscles. A 2-month cycle with this steroid has capacity to advance adding 10 lbs of lean muscle mass and near 2% of fat burning. This remedy is taken not only by those who go info sports but also by common individuals that just want to look better. One of the most valuable abilities is that there is no any problem to maintain Anavar results. Benefits of this product are felt as well, when it is taken for certain therapeutic needs.

Brian McNamee confirms that trainers promote using steroids

admin — Tue, 08 May 2012 09:26:30 +0000

Brian McNamee affirms that coaches are the main persons that induce application of anabolic steroids. The convicted distributor of steroids notes that coaches have the most relevant influence on decisions of young athletes to use prohibited preparations. Their influence is bigger than one of street dealers who offer forbidden preparations for sales, trying to convince young sportspeople that they may succeed due to administration of these drugs. Brian McNamee supposes that trainers and the society teach young sportspeople that they should win at any cost. This aspect pressures students that are involved in sports. It induces causing their decision to apply steroids and other related products.
Brian McNamee was invited to share his point of view at the Nassau Counselors Association’s conference. He pronounced some thoughts during a presentation which was called “Creating a Safe Environment for Our Student-Athletes”. He received an honorarium of 200 dollars. McNamee donated this sum of money to the Taylor Hooton Foundation.
McNamee is known better as a coach who has injected Roger Clemens with anabolic steroids and HGH. It was claimed that he saved all syringes and vials which were applied for injecting Roger Clemens with steroids during about seven years. He supported accusations of federal prosecutors against Clemens.
The testimony of McNamee promoted publishing the Mitchell Report on steroids in the Major League Baseball. The Report was worth of 20 million dollars. It was published in December 2007. Affirmations of Brian McNamee and Kirk Radomski were the base for publishing the report. They provided evidence connected with usage of steroids in professional baseball. These men were enforced to collaborate with investigators of the Mitchell Report. It was their agreement that was achieved because of charges connected with steroids.
The agreement also suggests that McNamee will testify as a government witness in the trial of Roger Clemens. He couldn’t pronounce details linked with the case of Roger Clemens during the Nassau Counselors Association. But the time will come, when he tells the story about Clemens.
Although it was declared a mistrial in the 1st trial related to the case of Roger Clemens, it was scheduled another trial.

Shaquille O’Neal challenged Jose Canseco to fight in a match mixed martial arts

admin — Tue, 08 May 2012 09:24:54 +0000

It has been recently noted that Jose Canseco and Shaquille O’Neal have spoken about their possibility to fight against each other in a match of mixed martial arts. O’Neal challenged him last year but Jose Canseco didn’t take the challenge seriously. Just now Jose Canseco began to take him seriously.
Many persons confirm that Jose Canseco needs money since the Triple-A Quintana Roo Tigres of the Mexican Baseball League has decided to take him the second chance to play professional baseball.
Jose Canseco must have a steroid test before starting playing in this team. But as it is known, he applies Testosterone Cypionate and HCG that are recommended by his physician for testosterone replacement therapy. However he has justified medical needs for administration of these medicines, he should obtain certain specific documents to be allowed to play baseball professionally. While his fate connected with playing baseball professionally is not yet decided, he intends to fight against O’Neal in a match.
O’Neal has said that he is ready to fight against Jose Canseco. He mentioned that he had challenged Canseco long ago.
O’Neal doesn’t worry that Canseco administers anabolic steroids. He possesses own secret methods and he hopes that he can neutralize effects of Jose Canseco which are caused by administration of Testosterone Cypionate.
Jose Canseco was scheduled to fight against Lenny Dykstra, a former player of the MLB. When this guy played professional baseball, he also took anabolic steroids.
Randall Lane claims in his book “The Zeroes: My Misadventures in the Decade Wall Street Went Insane” that Lenny Dykstra has acknowledged that he used anabolic steroids. Dykstra told Lane that Jose Canseco and he had caused steroid revolution in baseball.
Jeff Scott, a bodybuilder from Florida, claimed that he supplied Lenny Dykstra with preparations that increase performance at sums of 20, 000 dollars. He also noted that he injected Dykstra with steroids numerous times.
But the fight between Dykstra and Jose Canseco never occurred because Dykstra was accused in thefts, false financial statements and possession of illicit medications. Finally, he was imprisoned.
O’Neil offered to fight against Jose Canseco instead of Dykstra. He asked Dana White, the president of UFC, to arrange a ring with Jose Canseco. Jose Canseco accepted the challenge of Shaquille O’Neal.

The BOA believes that it has the best rules related to doping

admin — Thu, 03 May 2012 09:52:17 +0000

The British Olympic Association put efforts to justify itself for the aspect that it violates laws of the World Anti-Doping Agency. According to laws of the WADA, punishment for application of anabolic steroids and other related substances have to be the same around the world. The penalty that is indicated for an athlete that has applied forbidden preparations for the first time is sentencing to bans of 2 years.
But the British Olympic Association considers that such penalty isn’t good enough. The BOA sentences steroid users for life-time bans from participating in the Olympic Games. The WADA claims that this law of the BOA contradicts the WADA Code which is universal.
Lord Moynihan, the chairman of the BOA, hasn’t agreed to change the rule. As a result, a hearing has been scheduled to be at a Court of Arbitration for Sports in London.
The athletes who had applied prohibited medications were suspended by the International Olympic Committee from taking part in Olympics under the Osaka Rule.
Lord Moynihan proclaimed that the law of the BOA related to life-time suspensions wouldn’t be cancel, if even the CAS would be in contradiction with it. The BOA believes that it has the best laws.
Moynihan supported affirmations written by the former British Olympic decathlete Daley Thompson who noticed that British rules related to administration of prohibited preparations were the best. He confirmed that they shouldn’t be overthrown by the rest part of the world.
Delay Thompson notes that dopers have to be punished harshly. They must be banned for the whole life. According to his affirmations, the BOA shouldn’t agree with the law of the WADA to sentence dopers only for 2-year bans. He notes that the Britain desires to have the highest sport standards. He notes that if the rest part of the world doesn’t want to have high standards, it doesn’t mean that Britain must follow their reduced levels.
David Howman, the director general of the WADA, criticizes the opinion pronounced by Daley, noting that steroid testing has been only on its early level of development, when he has won his gold medals in Olympics in Moscow and Los Angeles.
Travis Tygart, the CEO of the US Anti-Doping Agency, blames the BOA for its refusal to agree with the rules of the WADA. It seems to be strange that Travis Tygart who ordinarily criticizes dopers criticizes the BOA for the strict rule.
Travis confirms that since international laws have been once established and all have agreed to them, anybody must follow them.
Dwain Chambers and David Millar, British athletes, that have been earlier banned for violation of anti-doping rules wait for the conclusions connected with this issue. They want to know whether they will be allowed to take part in the 2012 London Olympics.
Chief facts about the steroid Testosterone Enanthate
The steroid Testosterone Enanthate is the most frequently taken form of testosterone. It is administered for both clinical needs and performance-enhancing effects. This medicine is prescribed for people that have troubles related to low testosterone production. When it comes to athletes, they administer the steroid Testosterone Enanthate to promote increasing muscle mass and strength. This preparation is also taken as an analgesic during hard trainings. Advanced consumers obtain excellent results, applying this medicine. Administration of this remedy by inexperienced steroid users is controversial. This preparation is not directed for females because they may have serious androgen-linked negative responses.

Efforts of Patrick Arnold in the beginning of his career

admin — Thu, 03 May 2012 09:50:20 +0000

No one from New Jersey wants to be implicated in a low-paying job that is linked with production of chemicals which are applied in shampoos and hair gels. Let tell you what has happened in this state in 1994.
Patrick Arnold, a person of the age of 24, was alone in a room. He was mixing several specific thickeners to increase viscosity of several solutions. Patrick Arnold was doing this job a lot of time. So, he had enough time to think over his life, blaming it. This guy was unhappy that the job was bothering and nothing interesting happened. But there was no any other place to go.
However his future was before him, certain months passed before he saw the way.
Patrick Arnold was an enthusiastic weightlifter. But he has stopped much time ago to put his efforts to enhance muscles. Nonetheless, day by day after his job he went to a gym where he had workouts and had conversions with other athletes. Their conversions were often linked with anabolic steroids. Arnold had specialized in chemistry at the University of New Haven. Thus, the discussions connected with steroids led him to meditations.
One day after this guy had mixed thickeners he went to the chemistry library and looked at molecular structures of the steroids which were described in certain fitness magazines. Anabolic steroids had been already announced to be forbidden medications. But there was still a lot of information about these drugs.
Staring at molecular structures of steroids, Arnold was pondering why he was doing that unpleasant job. This young man thought that it would be better for him to try making steroids himself. Arnold ordered some chemicals through the company. He needed to have them for manufacture of steroids. Nobody knew what he wanted to do.
Beginning the new job, Arnold endured some problems. He didn’t get success at once. For example, he wanted to make a preparation that had to have a crystalline structure. But it turned out to be that he got sticky oil. He understood that it indicated that potentially toxic impurities and reagents were not split from the brew. Step by step he became more knowledgeable. He began to apply solvents to wash impurities and reactants away. He could produce desired products. Their crystalline-like structures indicated that they were purified.

Newsworthy truth about the steroid Testosterone Enanthate
The steroid Testosterone Enanthate is the most frequently utilized form of testosterone. It is applied for both clinical needs and increase of performance. This medicine is directed for persons that have troubles linked with reduced testosterone production. When it comes to athletes, they take the steroid Testosterone Enanthate for increase of muscle size and energy. This preparation is also taken as an analgesic during intensive workouts. Progressive users get great results, taking this medication. Usage of this drug by novices is controversial. This medicine is not indicated for women because they may have dangerous androgen-related negative results.